Language is powerful. The words we use shape the way we see ourselves and others, especially when it comes to understanding neurodivergence. Unfortunately, many terms related to neurodiversity are misunderstood, misused, or even weaponized against the very people they describe. By learning accurate, affirming definitions, we can create a more inclusive and compassionate world—one where neurodivergent people are recognized and respected for who they are.
Here are five essential terms to know and understand:
Neurodiversity
“The diversity of human brains and minds — the infinite variation in neurocognitive functioning within our species.” (Walker, 2014)
Coined by sociologist Judy Singer in 1999, neurodiversity refers to the natural diversity of the human brain and mind. Just as biodiversity is crucial to the health of ecosystems, neurodiversity enriches humanity by embracing the many ways people think, process information, and experience the world.
It’s not about dividing people into “normal” and “abnormal.” Instead, neurodiversity recognizes that all brains are unique, and that variation is a natural part of being human.
Neurodivergent
“Having a mind that functions in ways which diverge significantly from the dominant societal standards of 'normal'.” (Walker, 2014)
This term was originally coined by Kassiane Asasumasu in 2000. It was designed to be inclusive, and isn’t an euphemism or a synonym for “Autistic” or “ADHD”.
A person is considered neurodivergent when their brain functions in ways that differ from societal norms. This can include people with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, Tourette’s, and other neurodevelopmental variations.
It’s important to note that being neurodivergent isn’t a problem to be fixed—it’s simply a different way of experiencing the world. Challenges often arise not from the neurodivergence itself, but from living in a society designed for neurotypical people.
Neurodiversity-Affirming
“The goal is to empower neurodivergent individuals to recognize and leverage their strengths, navigate their challenges, and make adjustments tailored to their personal requirements.” (Neff, n.d.)
Being neurodiversity-affirming means embracing the idea that neurodivergence isn’t something that needs to be cured or corrected. Instead, the focus is on empowering neurodivergent individuals to understand their strengths and challenges, while providing support tailored to their unique needs.
This perspective rejects deficit-based models that pathologize neurodivergence, advocating instead for acceptance, accommodations, and celebrating diversity.
(Biological) Sex
“Sex, or biological sex, is typically defined as a binary attribute (ie, male or female) that is assigned to an individual at birth, although a subgroup of intersex individuals falls outside this binary definition.” (Martin, 2024)
The term biological sex is often misunderstood as a simple binary of male and female, but the reality is more complex. Biological sex is assigned at birth based on physical characteristics, but it doesn’t always fit neatly into these two categories. Intersex individuals, for example, may have biological traits that don’t align with traditional definitions of male or female.
Recognizing this complexity helps create space for more inclusive conversations about identity.
Gender / Gender Identity
“Gender or gender identity is a socially constructed attribute that reflects an individual's sense of being feminine (eg, girl or woman), masculine (eg, boy or man), or an identity that falls outside this binary construct (eg, non-binary, agender, or gender fluid), or changes over time.” (Martin, 2024)
Gender and biological sex are often incorrectly used interchangeably. While biological sex refers to physical attributes, gender is about identity and societal roles. For many neurodivergent people, traditional gender norms can feel restrictive or irrelevant.
Understanding and respecting a person’s gender identity—whether they identify as a man, woman, non-binary, agender, or something else entirely—is key to creating inclusive, affirming spaces.
Words shape narratives, and narratives shape lives. When we use accurate, affirming language, we help dismantle harmful stereotypes and create a more inclusive world.
Whether you’re neurodivergent yourself or want to better support the neurodivergent people in your life, taking the time to learn these terms is a meaningful step toward understanding and acceptance.
References:
- Martin, J. (2024). Why are females less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in childhood than males? Lancet Psychiatry, 11(4), 303-310. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(24)00010-5
- Neff, M. A. (n.d.). Neurodivergent affirming practice: Helping your clients accept their authentic selves. Neurodivergent Insights. https://neurodivergentinsights.com/blog/neurodivergent-affirming-practices
- Walker, N. (2014). Neurodiversity: Some basic terms and definitions. Neuroqueer. https://neuroqueer.com/neurodiversity-terms-and-definitions/
